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Il plurale dei nomi maschili / The plural of masculine nouns.

Based on the termination of the singular masculine nouns, the plural is formed according to the following criteria:

A) Masculine nouns ending in -o

1. Singular masculine nouns ending in -o in the plural end in -i

Exception: L’uomo (The man) – Gli uomini.

SingularPlural
Il terrazzo (The terrace)I terrazzi
Il punto (The dot/point)I punti
Il ramo (The branch)I rami
Il disegno (The drawing)I disegni
Il filo (The row) I fili
Il vetro (The glass)I vetri
Il ragazzo (The boy)I ragazzi

2. Some singular masculine nouns in -o become feminine in the plural.

SingularPlural
L’uovo (The egg)Le uova
Il dito (The finger)Le dita
L’orecchio (The ear)Le orecchie
Il lenzuolo (The sheet) Le lenzuola
Il calcagno (The heel)Le calcagna
Il labbro (The lip)Le labbra
L’osso (The bone)Le ossa

3. Singular masculine nouns ending in -io in the plural end in -i or in -ii.

a) end in -i (without tonic accent on the -i- of -io).

Exception: Il tempio (The temple) – I templi.

SingularPlural
Il foglio (The paper)I fogli
L’orologio (The clock)Gli orologi
L’occhio (The eye)Gli occhi
Lo studio (The studing room/office)Gli studi
Il desiderio (The desire)I desideri
Il bacio (The kiss)I baci
Il viaggio (The voyage)I viaggi
Il cambio (The exchange)I cambi

b) end in -ii (with tonic accent on the first -i).

Exception: Il dio (The God) – Gli dei.

SingularPlural
L’addio (The farewell)Gli addii
Lo zio (The uncle)Gli zii
Il ronzio (The buzz)I ronzii
Il pendio (The slope)I pendii
Il leggio (The lectern)I leggii

4. Some singular masculine nouns ending in -io in the plural become feminine and end in a.

SingularPlural
Il paio (The pair) Le paia
Il miglio (The mile)Le miglia
Il centinaio (The hundred)Le centinaia
Il migliaio (The thousand)Le migliaia
Il ginocchio (The knee)Le ginocchia
Il braccio (The arm)Le braccia
Il ciglio (The eyelash)Le ciglia
Il sopracciglio (The eyebrow)Le sopracciglia

5. Singular masculine nouns ending in (-co/-go) in the plural end in (-ci/-gi), (-chi/-ghi), or both.

a) end in (-chi/-ghi) when the stress mark is on the penultimate syllable.

Exception: L’amico (The friend) Gli amici – Il greco (The Greek) I greci – Il nemico (The enemy) I nemici – Il porco (The pig) I porci.

SingularPlural
Il banco (The bench)I banchi
Il tedesco (The German)I tedeschi
Il lago (The lake)I laghi
L’albergo (The hotel)Gli alberghi
Il luogo (The place)I luoghi
Il cuoco (The cook) I cuochi
L’ago (The needle)Gli aghi
Il fuoco (The fire)I fuochi

b) end in (-ci/-gi) when the stress mark is on the third to last syllable.

Exception: L’incarico (The assignment) Gli incarichi – Il dialogo (The dialogue)I dialoghi – Il valico (The pass) I valichi – L’obbligo (The obligation) Gli obblighi.

SingularPlural
L’eretico (The heretic)Gli eretici
Il medico (The doctor)I medici
Il manico (The handle)I manici
Il biologo (The biologist) I biologi
L’asparago (The asparagus)Gli asparagi
Il sindaco (The mayor) I sindaci

c) nouns with both forms of endings (-ci/-gi), (-chi/-ghi).

SingularPlural
Il chirurgo (The surgeon)I chirurghi
I chirurgi
Il sarcofago (The sarcophagus)I sarcofaghi
I sarcofagi

B). Masculine nouns ending in -a.

Singular masculine nouns ending in -a in the plural end in -i.

Singular: Il poeta (The poet) Il poema (The poem) Il sistema (The system) Il telegramma (The telegram) Il programma (The program) Il tema (The essay/topic) Il dramma (The drama).
Plural: I poeti – I poemi – I sistemi – I telegrammi – I programmi – I temi – I drammi.

Masculine nouns ending in -ca and -ga in the plural end in -chi and -ghi.

Singular: Il duca (The duke) Il collega (The colleague) Lo stratega (The strategist).
Plural: I duchi – I colleghi – Gli strateghi.

C). Masculine nouns ending in -e.

Singular masculine nouns ending in -e in the plural end in -i.

Singular: Il professore (The professor) Lo studente (The student) Il dente (The tooth) Il fiore (The flower) Il padre (The father).
Plural: I professori – Gli studenti – I denti – I fiori – I padri.

Exception: Il bue (The ox) I buoi.


Exercises on the lesson here