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L’accordo del participio passato / The agreement of the past participle.

The past participle, used alone or in absolute constructs, as an attribute or as a predicate of the governing sentence, always agrees with the noun or pronoun to which it refers.

  • Salutati gli amici, me ne andai.
  • Having said goodbye to my friends, I left.
  • Scritta la lettera, decisi di non spedirla.
  • Having written the letter, I decided not to send it.
  • Finita la lezione, gli studenti uscirono dall’aula.
  • Once the lesson was over, the students left the room.

When the past participle is joined to the auxiliary [Essere or Avere] it should be regulated like this:

1. The auxiliary Essere always agrees with the gender and number of the subject however with the auxiliary Avere it must usually remain unchanged (-o).

  • Abbiamo visto una commedia divertente.
  • We saw a funny comedy.
  • Mario è arrivato in ritardo, perciò la sua ragazza si è arrabbiata.
  • Mario arrived late, so his girlfriend got angry.
  • Hanno invitato tutte le loro amiche.
  • They invited all their friends.
  • Non ci siamo accorti di nulla.
  • We didn’t notice anything.

2. The past participle must agree with the pronominal particles lo/li/la/le when they are used as an object complement.

  • Ho cercato a lungo le chiavi, le ho trovate finalmente.
  • I looked for the keys for a long time, I finally found them.
  • Ho premuto i tasti della segreteria telefonica. Li ho premuti tutto emozionato.
  • I pressed the answering machine keys. I pressed them all excited.
  • Abbiamo aspettato la nostra amica e l’abbiamo accompagnata a casa.
  • We waited for our friend and accompanied her home.

But not as an indirect complement:

  • Ho telefonato a lei >> Le ho telefonato. [Le ho telefonata].
  • I called her.

3. With the impersonal “si” it must end in -o when you have a verb that normally has the auxiliary Avere.

  • Abbiamo pensato = si è pensato.
  • We thought.
  • Ha mangiato = si è mangiato.
  • He ate.

But it must end in -i (or in -e for the feminine) when you have a verb that normally takes the auxiliary Essere.

  • Siamo partiti = si è partiti.
  • We left.
  • Siamo andati = si è andati.
  • We went.
  • Si sono vestiti/e = ci si è vestiti/e.
  • They got dressed.

4. With the pronominal particle Ne.

When we have Ne (pronominal particle) referring to a noun indicating quantity (singular or plural), it can agree in two ways:

  1. With quantity: [un chilo (one kilo), un cesto (one basket), un tubetto (one tube), un barattolo (one jar); due bottiglie (two bottles) /due litri (two liters) / tre pacchi (three packs) / quattro lattine (four cans)].
  2. With material.
    • “Hai preso il riso?” “Sì, ne ho presilo due chili”.
    • “Did you get the rice?” “Yes, I took two kilos”.
    • “E la pasta?” “Ne ho presola un pacco.
    • “And the pasta?” “I got a pack of them.

Referring to an indefinite pronoun [molto (very), poco (little), parecchio (quite a lot), abbastanza (quite)..], it agrees with the indefinite.

  • “Hai comprato la carta?” “Sì, ne ho comprata parecchia”.
  • “Did you buy the card?” “Yes, I bought a lot”.
  • “Hai preso l’inchiostro?” “Sì ne ho preso molto”.
  • “Did you get the ink?” “Yes I took a lot”.
  • “Avete fatto gli esercizi?” “No, ne abbiamo fatti pochi”
  • “Did you do the exercises?” “No, we’ve only done a few”
  • Di riviste ne ho lette tante.
  • I’ve read a lot of magazines.

With “tutto (all)”, the partitive “ne” is not used, but the pronoun “lo/la/li/le“.

  • “Hai venduto la bresaola?” “Si, l’ho venduta tutta”. Ne ho venduta tutta.
  • “Did you sell the bresaola?” “Yes, I sold it all.”
  • “E i gamberetti?” “Li ho venduti tutti”. Ne ho venduti tutti.
  • “And the shrimp?” “I sold them all.”

When Ne is used as a partitive object complement, the agreement with the past participle is made.

  • “Hai letto dei fumetti?” “Oh, sì! Ne ho letti, ne ho letti!”
  • “Have you read any comics?” “Oh, yes! I’ve read some, I’ve read some!”

5. When the personal pronouns mi/ti/ci/vi function as direct objects, the agreement is optional.

  • Lei dice: “Mi ha vista/o, ma non mi ha salutata/o”.
  • She says: “He saw me, but didn’t say hello to me”.
  • Le ragazze dicono: “Ci hanno salutami da lontano”
  • The girls say: “They greeted us from afar”.

6. When you have the relative pronoun which functions as a direct object, the agreement is optional, but agreement is now uncommon as it is a very formal use.

  • La frutta che lui ha mangiato.
  • La frutta che lui ha mangiata.
  • The fruit he ate.