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Per + verbo all’infinito / Per + verb in the infinitive

1. Valore finale (final/purpose value)

The most common function of per + infinitive is to express the purpose, goal, or intention behind an action. It answers the question: A che scopo? Per quale fine? (To what end? For what purpose?).

A. Same subject (most common)

When the subject of the main verb and the subject of the infinitive are the same, per + infinitive is the standard construction.

verb + per + infinitive (to do something in order to)

  • Lavoro per vivere. (I work to live.)
  • Studio per imparare. (I study to learn.)
  • Sono venuto per aiutarti. (I came to help you.)

B. Different subject (requires perché + subjunctive)

When the subject of the infinitive is different from the main clause subject, per + infinitive is not possible. Instead, Italian uses perché + subjunctive.

  • Te lo dico perché tu capisca.
  • Te lo dico per capire
  • (I tell you so that you understand.)

C. Per + infinitive with implied purpose

The infinitive can also depend on a noun, expressing the purpose of that noun.

  • Ho bisogno di tempo per decidere. (I need time to decide.)
  • Non ho parole per esprimere la mia gratitudine. (I have no words to express my gratitude.)
  • È il momento per agire. (It’s the time to act.)

D. Negative purpose: per non + infinitive

To express “in order not to,” use per non + infinitive.

  • Parlo piano per non svegliarlo. (I speak softly so as not to wake him.)
  • Esci per non fare tardi. (Leave so you won’t be late.)
  • Ha mentito per non ferire i suoi sentimenti. (He lied so as not to hurt her feelings.)

2. Valore causale (causal value)

Per + infinitive can express the cause or reason for an action or state, often with the infinitive referring to a past action (using the past infinitive: per + avere/essere + past participle).

A. Past infinitive for completed cause

When the cause refers to an action that has already happened, Italian uses the past infinitive.

per + avere/essere + past participle (because of having done something)

  • È stato multato per aver parcheggiato in divieto. (He was fined for having parked illegally.)
  • Ti ringrazio per avermi aiutato. (I thank you for having helped me.)
  • Si è scusato per essere arrivato tardi. (He apologized for having arrived late.)
  • L’hanno premiato per aver vinto la gara. (They rewarded him for having won the race.)
  • Si sente in colpa per non aver detto la verità. (He feels guilty for not having told the truth.)

B. Present infinitive for general cause

For general or timeless causes, the present infinitive is used.

  • Criticato per parlare troppo. (Criticized for talking too much.)
  • Famoso per essere generoso. (Famous for being generous.)
  • Rispettato per dire sempre la verità. (Respected for always telling the truth.)

3. Valore consecutivo (consecutive/resultative value)

Per + infinitive can express the result or consequence of an action, often in constructions involving too much or enough.

A. With troppo (too… to)

The pattern troppo + adjective/adverb + per + infinitive indicates that something exceeds a limit, making the result impossible.

  • È troppo giovane per capire. (He’s too young to understand.)
  • Questo caffè è troppo caldo per berlo. (This coffee is too hot to drink.)
  • Era troppo stanco per proseguire. (He was too tired to continue.)
  • Il problema è troppo complesso per risolverlo in poco tempo. (The problem is too complex to solve in a short time.)

B. With abbastanza (enough to)

The pattern abbastanza + adjective/adverb + per + infinitive indicates that something reaches the necessary threshold to produce a result.

  • È abbastanza grande per capire. (He’s old enough to understand.)
  • È abbastanza forte per sollevarlo. (He’s strong enough to lift it.)
  • Hai studiato abbastanza per superare l’esame. (You studied enough to pass the exam.)

4. Proximate, immediate, or intentional action: verbal phrases with Per

One of the most important uses of per is in verbal phrases that express an action that is about to happen, imminent, or intended. These constructions indicate that the subject is on the verge of performing an action.

  1. Stare per + Infinitive (To be about to)
    • Stavo per uscire quando hai chiamato. (I was about to leave when you called.)
    • Sta per piovere. (It’s about to rain.)
    • Il film sta per cominciare. (The film is about to start)
    • Stavo per dirtelo. (I was about to tell you.)
    • Attento! Il vaso sta per cadere. (Careful! The vase is about to fall.)
  2. Essere lì lì per + Infinitive (To be just about to)
    • Ero lì lì per accettare, poi ho cambiato idea. (I was just about to accept, then I changed my mind.)
    • Era lì lì per piangere. (She was on the verge of tears.)
    • Siamo lì lì per raggiungere l’obiettivo. (We’re this close to reaching the goal.)
    • Il bicchiere era lì lì per cadere. (The glass was just about to fall.)
  3. Essere sul punto di + Infinitive (To be on the point of)
    • Era sul punto di arrendersi quando ricevette aiuto. (He was on the point of giving up when he received help.)
    • Siamo sul punto di scoprire la verità. (We’re on the verge of discovering the truth.)
    • L’azienda è sul punto di fallire. (The company is on the verge of bankruptcy.)
    • Ero sul punto di uscire. (I was on the point of going out.)
  4. Essere in procinto di + Infinitive (To be about to – formal)
    • Il Presidente è in procinto di partire per gli Stati Uniti. (The President is about to leave for the United States.)
    • La nave è in procinto di salpare. (The ship is about to set sail.)
    • Siamo in procinto di trasferirci. (We’re about to move.)
    • L’azienda è in procinto di assumere nuovo personale. (The company is about to hire new staff.)

Next lesson:

Frasi avverbiali con Per / Adverbial phrases with Per


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