Learn Italian Grammar: Direct And Indirect Speech In Italian.
Learn Italian Grammar: Direct speech is what someone says while Indirect speech is what is said when referring to what someone else said
D.D). Valentina disse: “oggi non mi sento bene”
D.S). Valentina said: “I don’t feel well today”
D.I). Valentina disse che quel giorno non si sentiva bene.
I.S). Valentina said that she wasn’t feeling well that day.
Discorso diretto (D.D) = direct speech (D.S).
Discorso indiretto (D.I) = Indirect speech (I.S).
TRANSITION FROM DIRECT SPEECH TO INDIRECT SPEECH
In the transition from direct speech to indirect speech, there are transformations relating to those linguistic elements that are influenced by a change in temporal and spatial perspective.
1. Learn Italian Grammar: Actions depend on a main verb in the present tense.
If the main verb is in the present tense, or in the past linked to the present, in the transition from direct speech (D.D) to indirect speech (D.I) change:
Learn Italian Grammar: Direct And Indirect Speech In Italian.
(D.D) Rita dice loro: “Non preoccupatevi per me!”.
(D.S) Rita tells them: “Don’t worry about me!”.
(D.I) Rita dice loro di non preoccuparsi per lei.
(I.S) Rita tells them not to worry about her.
2. Learn Italian Grammar: Actions depend on a main verb in the past tense.
If the main verb is in the past tense, not linked to the present (present perfect, historical past, imperfect), in the transition from direct speech (D.D) to indirect speech (D.I) change:
A). Personal pronouns (io, tu, noi, voi) if they do not refer to the narrator.
io/tu
lui/lei
noi/voi
loro
Learn Italian Grammar: Direct And Indirect Speech In Italian.
(D.D) Rita ha detto: “Così io non avrò nessuno con cui parlare quando non ci siete voi”.
(D.S) Rita said: “So I won’t have anyone to talk to when you’re not around”.
(D.I) Rita ha detto che così lei non avrebbe avuto nessuno con cui parlare quando non c’erano loro.
(I.S) Rita said that then she would have no one to talk to when they weren’t around.
B). Possessives (mio, nostro, tuo, vostro) if they don’t refer to the narrator.
mio/tuo
suo
nostro/vostro
loro
Learn Italian Grammar: Direct And Indirect Speech In Italian.
(D.D) Rita ha detto: “Il conducente ha firmato la denuncia in mia presenza”.
(D.S) Rita said: “The driver signed the complaint in my presence”.
(D.I) Rita ha detto che Il conducente aveva firmato la deuncia in sua presenza.
(I.S) Rita said that the driver had signed the complaint in her presence.
Learn Italian Grammar: Direct And Indirect Speech In Italian.
(D.D) Chiesi a Maria: “quando tornerà Paolo?”.
(D.S) I asked Maria: “When will Paul be back?”.
(D.I) Chiesi a Maria quando sarebbe tornato Paolo.
(I.S) I asked Maria: “When will Paul be back?”.
(D.D) Chiesi a Lucia: “Verrà anche Giulio?”.
(D.S) I asked Lucia: “Will Giulio come too?”.
(D.I) Chiesi a Lucia se sarebbe venuto anche Giulio.
(I.S) I asked Lucia if Giulio would also come.
Learn Italian Grammar: in the transition from direct speech to indirect speech do not change:
1. The personal pronouns lui,lei, loro:
lui
lui
lei
lei
loro
loro
Learn Italian Grammar: Direct And Indirect Speech In Italian.
(D.D) Rita ha detto: “Lui ha firmato la denuncia in mia presenza”.
(D.S) Rita said: “He signed the complaint in my presence”.
(D.I) Rita ha detto che lui aveva firmato la denuncia in sua presenza.
(I.S) Rita said that he had signed the complaint in her presence.
(D.D) Anna ha detto: “Di’ a loro di venire a trovarmi!”.
(D.S) Anna said: “Tell them to come and see me!”.
(D.I) Anna ha detto di dire a loro di andare a trovarla.
(I.S) Anna said to tell them to go and see her.
2. Possessives suo and loro:
suo
suo
loro
loro
Learn Italian Grammar: Direct And Indirect Speech In Italian.
(D.D) Carla ha detto: “Al momento dell’incidente, accanto ad Anna c’era anche sua sorella”.
(D.S) Carla said: “At the time of the accident, her sister was also next to Anna”.
(D.I) Carla ha detto che al momento dell’incidente, accanto ad Anna c’era anche sua sorella.
(I.S) Carla said that at the time of the accident, her sister was also next to Anna.
(D.D) Anna ha detto: “La loro presenza mi farà sentire meno infelice”.
(D.S) Anna said: “Their presence will make me feel less unhappy.”
(D.I) Anna ha detto che la loro presenza l’avrebbe fatta sentire meno infelice.
(I.S) Anna said their presence would make her feel less unhappy.
3).The adverb of place.
là
là
lì
lì
Learn Italian Grammar: Direct And Indirect Speech In Italian.
(D.D) Rita ha detto: “Vado lì (là) ogni volta che posso”.
(D.S) Rita said: “I go there (there) whenever I can.”
(D.I) Rita ha detto che andava lì (là) ogni volta che poteva.
(I.S) Rita said that she went there (there) whenever she could.
4). The demonstrative quello.
quello
quello
Learn Italian Grammar: Direct And Indirect Speech In Italian.
(D.D) Carla ha chiesto: “Con tutte quelle ferite, Anna soffre molto?”.
(D.S) Carla asked: “With all those wounds, does Anna suffer a lot?”.
(D.I) Carla ha chiesto se con tutte quelle ferite, Anna soffrisse molto.
(I.S) Carla asked if Anna was in a lot of pain with all those wounds.
5). Adverbs of time.
allora
allora
in quel momento
in quel momento
Learn Italian Grammar: Direct And Indirect Speech In Italian.
(D.D) Lui ha detto: “Allora I freni non hanno funzionato come al solito”.
(D.S) He said: “Then the brakes didn’t work as usual”.
(D.I) Lui ha detto che allora I freni non avevano funzionato come al solito.
(I.S) He said that then the brakes hadn’t worked as usual.
(D.D) Carla ha detto: “In quel momento c’era anche Rita”.
(D.S) Carla said: “Rita was also there at that moment”.
(D.I) Carla ha detto che in quel momento c’era anche Rita.
(I.S) Carla said that Rita was also at that moment.
6). Expressions of time.
quel giorno
quel giorno
il giorno prima
il giorno prima
il giorno dopo
il giorno dopo.
Learn Italian Grammar: Direct And Indirect Speech In Italian.
(D.D) Carla ha detto: “Quel giorno Anna ha avuto un incidente d’auto”.
(D.S) Carla said: “That day Anna had a car accident”.
(D.I) Carla ha detto che quel giorno Anna aveva avuto un incidente d’auto.
(I.S) Carla said that Anna had been in a car accident that day.
(D.D) Carla ha detto: “Il giorno prima c’eravamo uscite insieme”.
(D.S) Carla said: “The day before we went out together”.
(D.I) Carla ha detto che il giorno prima erano uscite insieme.
(I.S) Carla said that they had gone out together the day before.
(D.D) Carla ha detto: “Ho saputo dell’incidente solo il giorno dopo”.
(D.S) Carla said: “I only learned about the accident the day after”.
(D.I) Carla ha detto che aveva saputo dell’incidente solo il giorno dopo.
(I.S) Carla said that she only found out about the accident the next day.
7). The imperfect (indicative and subjunctive)
imperfect indicative/subjunctive
imperfect indicative/subjunctive
Learn Italian Grammar: Direct And Indirect Speech In Italian.
(D.D) Rita ha detto: “Mentre Anna attraversava sulle strisce, una macchina l’ha investita”.
(D.S) Rita said: “While Anna was crossing the crossroads, a car hit her”.
(D.I) Rita ha detto che mentre Anna attraversava sulle strisce, una macchina l’aveva investita.
(I.S) Rita said that while Anna was crossing on the crosswalk, a car had run over her.
(D.D) Rita ha detto: “Carla mi ha chiesto quale fosse la prognosi”.
(D.S) Rita said, “Carla asked me what the prognosis was.”
(D.I) Rita ha detto che Carla le aveva chiesto quale fosse la prognosi.
(I.S) Rita said that Carla had asked her about the prognosis.
8). The past conditional.
past conditional
past conditional
(D.D) Rita ha detto: “Secondo il conducente, i freni non avrebbero funzionato come al solito”.
(D.S) Rita said: “According to the driver, the brakes would not have worked as usual.”
(D.I) Rita ha detto che secondo il conducente, i freni non avrebbero funzionato come al solito.
(I.S) Rita said that according to the driver, the brakes would not work as usual.
9). The indicative/ subjunctive past perfect.
indicative/ subjunctive past perfect
indicative/ subjunctive past perfect
Learn Italian Grammar: Direct And Indirect Speech In Italian.
(D.D) Rita ha detto: “Avevo avvertito Giulio, prima che Anna me lo chiedesse”.
(D.S) Rita said: “I warned Giulio, before Anna asked me to”.
(D.I) Rita ha detto che avevo avvertito Giulio, prima che Anna glielo chiedesse.
(I.S) Rita said I warned Giulio before Anna asked.
(D.D) Rita ha detto: “Anna mi ha chiesto se avessi avvertito Giulio”.
(D.S) Rita said: “Anna asked me if I had warned Giulio”.
(D.I) Rita ha detto che Anna le aveva chiesto se avesse avvertito Giulio.
(I.S) Rita said that Anna had asked her if she had warned Giulio.
10). The indefinite moods
infinitive
infinitive
gerund
gerund
participle
participle
Learn Italian Grammar: Direct And Indirect Speech In Italian.
(D.D) Lui ha detto: “Ho tentato di frenare, ma non ci sono riusciuto”.
(D.S) He said: “I tried to brake, but I couldn’t”.
(D.I) Lui ha detto che aveva tentato di frenare, ma non c’era riuscito.
(I.S) He said that he had tried to brake, but he hadn’t succeeded.
(D.D) Il medico ha detto: “Cadendo a terra, la ragazza ha battuto la testa”.
(D.S) The doctor said: “When she fell to the ground, the girl hit her head.”
(D.I) Il medico ha detto che cadendo a terra, la ragazza aveva battuto la testa.
(I.S) The doctor said that when she fell to the ground, the girl had hit her head.
(D.D) Carla ha detto: “Appena appresa la notizia, sono corsa all’ospedale”.
(D.S) Carla said: “As soon as I heard the news, I ran to the hospital”.
(D.I) Carla ha detto che appena appresa la notizia, era corsa all’ospedale.
(I.S) Carla said that as soon as she heard the news, she ran to the hospital.
11). The verb andare
andare
andare
Learn Italian Grammar: Direct And Indirect Speech In Italian.
(D.D) Anna ha detto: “Ringrazio il cielo per come sono andate le cose”.
(D.S) Anna said: “I am thankful for the way things turned out”.
(D.I) Anna ha detto che ringraziava il cielo per come erano andate le cose.
(I.S) Anna said she was thankful for the way things had gone.
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